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Abstract
The integration of photovoltaic systems (PVS) into modern power grids is a critical component of the global energy transition. However, this process is associated with significant technical challenges, including reduced system inertia, voltage and frequency instability, harmonic distortions, protection system issues, and operational flexibility constraints.
This review article presents a systematic analysis of the key technical problems arising from PVS integration at both the small-scale distributed system level and the large-scale centralized solar power plant level. The fundamental characteristics of solar generation are examined, including partial unpredictability and uncontrollable variability, which determine the stochastic nature of electricity production. Issues of voltage regulation and power quality in distribution networks are analyzed, along with voltage stability, rotor angle stability, and frequency stability in transmission networks.
A comparative analysis of inverter control strategies is presented, encompassing traditional methods (PI/PID controllers, sliding mode control, model predictive control) and intelligent approaches based on fuzzy logic, neural networks, and reinforcement learning. It is demonstrated that the combined application of traditional and intelligent methods improves efficiency by 5–10%, while intelligent methods reduce maximum power point tracking errors by 20%. The role of battery energy storage systems in providing synthetic inertia and ancillary services is examined. Particular attention is given to future development prospects, including hybrid strategies, explainable artificial intelligence, and blockchain-based decentralized networks, to ensure the reliable operation of future smart grids.
References
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